油气开采用钛合金石油管材料耐腐蚀性能研究

选取5种油气开发常用钛合金材料(Ti-6Al-4V、Ti-6Al-4V-0.1Ru、Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo、Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo和Ti-5.5Al-4.5V-2Zr-1Mo)为研究对象,使用高温高压釜模拟国内典型严酷服役工况环境,研究了不同钛合金材料耐均匀腐蚀、局部腐蚀、点蚀、应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)及缝隙腐蚀的性能,通过使用扫描电镜和能谱分析等手段对腐蚀形貌和腐蚀产物进行了分析,并使用电化学方法对不同合金的耐腐蚀机理进行了研究。结果显示,在所测试工况条件下,所有钛合金材料腐蚀反应均为阳极控制过程,均匀腐蚀速率均低于0.001mm/a,并且对应力腐蚀开裂均有良好的抗力。Ti-6Al-4V和Ti-5.5Al-4.5V-2Zr-1Mo合金出现明显的点蚀和缝隙腐蚀问题。对腐蚀机理研究表明,在工况条件温度下,随着pH值的降低,所有钛合金均发生自腐蚀电位降低,极化电阻减小,腐蚀电流增大,耐腐蚀性能下降,其中Ti-6Al-4V耐腐蚀性能下降的最为明显,研究结果为油气开发工况下钛合金石油管的选材和缝隙腐蚀问题防治提供理论基础。     

FCC-to-HCP Phase Transformation in CoCrNix Medium-Entropy Alloys

A hybrid first-principles/Monte Carlo simulation is combined with experiments to study the structure and elastic properties of CoCrNi_x (x = 1-0.5) alloys. The experimental X-ray diffraction patterns show that the structures have changed from the single-phase face-centered cubic (FCC) structure at x = 1-0.8 to the coexistence of FCC and the hexagonal close-packed structures at x = 0.7-0.5, which is further confirmed by calculations on mixing energies. The elastic moduli by calculation are basically in agreement with experiments. Room-temperature tension shows that the six alloys have a certain plasticity, the strength and plasticity of the alloys have a linear decrease with the decrease in Ni contents, and the plasticity of the alloys drops from 84 to 23%. Furthermore, first-principles density function theory calculations were employed to reveal the electronic and magnetic structures of alloys. The electron density of states for all alloys is asymmetrical, which illustrates that the alloys are ferromagnetism. It is found that Cr atoms can suppress the ferromagnetism of alloys, since Cr atoms have both positive and negative magnetic moments in all alloys.     

Influence of Al addition on microstructures of Cu−B alloys and Cu−ZrB2 composites

The influence of Al addition on the microstructure of Cu−B alloys and Cu−ZrB₂ composites was investigated using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and first-principles calculation. The results show that the eutectic B in Cu−B alloys can be modified by Al from coarse needles to fine fibrous structure and primary B will form in hypoeutectic Cu−B alloys. As for Cu−ZrB₂ composites, Al can significantly refine and modify the morphology of ZrB₂ as well as improve its distribution, which should be due to its selective adsorption on ZrB₂ surfaces. The first-principles calculation results indicate that Al is preferentially adsobed on ZrB₂ (12(__)10), then on ZrB₂ (101(__)0), and finally on ZrB₂ (0001). As a result, smaller sized ZrB₂ with a polyhedron-like, even nearly sphere-like morphology, can form. Due to Al addition, the hardness of Cu−ZrB₂ composites is greatly enhanced, but the electrical conductivity of the composites is seriously reduced.     

GB/T 37910.2-2019标准解析

分析铝及铝合金焊缝射线检测国家标准的标准体系构成及发展现状,介绍GB/T37910.2-2019标准的主要内容,为无损检测工作者使用该标准提供有益的参考。     

时效处理对Mg-2.0Zn-0.5Zr-3.0Gd生物降解镁合金组织、力学性能及耐腐蚀性能的影响

通过金相显微分析(OM)、扫描电镜观察(SEM)、透射电镜观察(TEM)和拉伸性能测试研究不同时效时间对Mg-2.0Zn-0.5Zr-3.0Gd生物镁合金显微组织及力学性能的影响,通过质量损失和电化学方法研究合金在模拟体液(SBF)中的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明:时效时间为4~20 h时,合金中析出相的尺寸及数量随时效时间的延长而增加,析出相主要以纳米级棒状和颗粒状的(Mg,Zn)3Gd相形式存在,部分棒状析出相与α-Mg基体具有共格界面关系。合金的强度及伸长率随时效时间的延长先升高后降低。在120 h的浸泡实验中,合金的平均腐蚀速率、点蚀孔洞的数量及孔洞尺寸随时效时间的延长而逐渐增大,腐蚀速率随浸泡时间延长呈现出先减小、后增大、再缓慢减小以及最后趋于稳定的过程。     

热处理对GWZK94合金微观组织与力学性能的影响

为了改善铸态GWZK94合金微观组织的不均匀性，使用电阻加热炉在温度505-520 ℃范围内保温8-20 h进行热处理实验。本文采用光学显微镜（OM）,差示扫描量热仪（DSC），X射线衍射仪（XRD），扫描电子显微镜（SEM），能谱仪（EDS）,电子背散射衍射技术（EBSD），万能试验机和维氏硬度计进行微观组织演变及力学性能分析。铸态合金组织主要包括树枝状α-Mg基体，包含亚稳态层错（SFs）的片层结构，共晶相Mg24(Gd, Y, Zn)5，块状长周期有序堆垛结构(LPSO, Mg12(Gd, Y) Zn)和少量的富稀土相。在均匀化处理过程中，片层结构和共晶相Mg24(Gd, Y, Zn)5逐渐溶于基体中，同时块状LPSO相体积分数逐渐减小并伴随有片层状LPSO相像晶粒内部生长，颗粒状相在晶界附近析出。加热温度为520 ℃时出现复熔三角晶界，说明此时发生了合金的过烧现象。经过均匀化处理后，合金的极限抗拉强度（UTS）和合金屈服强度（TYS）表现出了与组织演变规律相同的变化趋势，同属得到了较为均匀的硬度分布情况。最佳的均匀化制度为515 ℃/16 h.     

Coherency strain induced hardening in bulk polycrystalline ceramics: A case study with MgO-based “ceramic alloys”

The role of coherency strain at the matrix/precipitate interface toward hardening of bulk polycrystalline “ceramic alloys” has been established here. Formation of “near ideal” bulk polycrystalline ceramic microstructure characterized by the presence of uniformly distributed coherent “ultra-fine” MgCr₂O₄ particles (size: ~25 nm) within matrix (MgO) grains was achieved via solid-state precipitation during aging treatment of bulk supersaturated MgO–Cr₂O₃ solid solutions (formed during pressureless sintering in air, followed by fast cooling). The as-aged MgO–MgCr₂O₄ “ceramic alloys” exhibited hardness increment by ~73% over that of phase pure bulk MgO upon aging for just 10 hours at 1000°C in air. Evidences toward the presence of significant coherency strains across the MgO/MgCr₂O₄ coherent interfaces were obtained with transmission electron microscopy. Analysis based on hardening mechanisms and comparisons with MgO–MgFe₂O₄ system, having lesser hardening due to lower misfit strain at MgO/MgFe₂O₄ coherent interfaces (despite greater content of second-phase particles), confirm the dominant role of coherency strains toward hardness enhancement in “ceramic alloys.”     

Understanding the correlation between calcination temperature and performance in low-temperature methanation over Ni-Zr/Al2O3 catalysts

Low-temperature methanation of CO in the continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) over Zr doped Ni/Al₂O₃ catalyst calcined at different temperatures (673, 723, and 823 K) was investigated. XRD, TPR, XPS, ICP, SEM, and S-TPR techniques were employed to characterize the fresh and spent catalysts. Based on the characterization results, it was found that low-temperature (673 K) calcination could effectively prohibit the formation of NiAl₂O₄ spinel, thereby resulting in more reducible NiO particles, which were the essential precursor of methanation active sites over the catalyst surface. Thus, the highest CO conversion of 93.6% was achieved over the 25N3ZA-673 catalyst. In addition, the deactivation rate of 25N3ZA-673 was relatively slow in comparison to 25N3ZA-823 due to the presence of more reducible NiO. The formed nickel carbonyl species (Ni[CO]_x), which quickly decomposed at a higher reaction temperature, was closely related to the catalyst deactivation. Therefore, 25N3ZA-673 possessed much better stability at 593 K than that at 553 K.     

Renewable hydrogen production from steam reforming of glycerol (SRG) over ceria-modified γ-alumina supported Ni catalyst

Excess crude glycerol derived as a by-product from biodiesel industry prompts the need to valorise glycerol to value-added chemicals. In this context, catalytic steam reforming of glycerol (SRG) was proposed as a promising and sustainable alternative for producing renewable hydrogen (H₂). Herein, the development of nickel (Ni) supported on ceria-modified mesoporous γ-alumina (γ-Al₂O₃) catalysts and their applications in catalytic SRG (at 550–750 °C, atmospheric pressure and weight hourly space velocity, WHSV, of 44,122 ml·g⁻¹·h⁻¹ (STP)) is presented. Properties of the developed catalysts were characterised using many techniques. The findings show that ceria modification improved Ni dispersion on γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst support with highly active small Ni particles, which led to a remarkable catalytic performance with the total glycerol conversion (ca. 99%), glycerol conversion into gaseous products (ca. 77%) and H₂ yield (ca. 62%). The formation rate for H₂ production (14.4 × 10⁻⁵ mol·s⁻¹·g⁻¹, TOF (H₂) = 3412 s⁻¹) was significantly improved with the Ni@12Ce-Al₂O₃ catalyst, representing nearly a 2-fold increase compared with that of the conventional Ni@Al₂O₃ catalyst. In addition, the developed catalyst also exhibited comparatively high stability (for 12 h) and coke resistance ability.